Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems?

William J. Ripple and Robert L. Beschta • BioScience • August 2004 / Vol. 54 No. 8 • This article investigates how large carnivores, herbivores, and plants may be linked to the maintenance of native species biodiversity through trophic cascades. Results indicate that predation risk may have profound effects on the structure of ecosystems and is an important constituent of native biodiversity.

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